el 27 de mayo

Spanish 3/4:

Retold the story as a class. If you were gone you need to do this with me for your part.

Homework (100 points) read the first chapter and circle any words you don't understand (even if you had to look them up).

Spanish 2:

Notes on accentuation/syllables/tildes.

What is Accentuation?

The part of the word that is the loudest. The “stress” or “accent” falls on that syllable. This happens in English all the time. Often, the stress in English falls on the first syllable of a word.

TELephone, CANdle, Baby, CATegory, ADequate, COMfortable, ELephant, APple

Sometimes the stress falls on the middle syllable:

comPUter, reUNion, hippoPOTamus, inSTINCive, anthroPOLogy

The stress doesn’t fall on the last syllable very often in English:

enDOW, reMAIN, reBOOT, reVIEW, acQUIRE


The Spanish Syllable

Syllable is formed by combining a consonant or consonant cluster with a vowel or dipthong.

ba, pi, chu, que, mo, ño, ra, ru le, te, mi

Consonant pairs (clusters) like pr, pl, br, bl, fr, fl, tr, dr, cr, cl, gr, and gl stick together and begin a single syllable.

Primo= pri mo, broma= bro ma, clavo= cla vo, gripe= gri pe, fruta= fru ta, extremo= ex tre mo, trigo= tri go, progreso= pro gre so

If the vowel or diphthong is followed by two consonants other than the clusters mentioned above, the first consonant will stick with the first syllable, and the second will latch on to the second.

Pasta=pas ta, diente=dien te, presto= pres to, triste= tris te, trampa= tram pa, estrógeno= es tro ge no (s and t separate and t and r together)

If a vowel sound begins a word, it is usually considered a syllable by itself if followed by a single consonant, a cluster, or a consonant sound such as ch or ll:

Amigo= a mi go, achicar= a chi car, allende= a llen de, hugo= hu go, jugo= ju go

One-syylable words, the syllable may end in a consonant:

Dan, sin, mis, pez, mil, sol

Spanish Diphthongs:

A diphthong is two vowels together, like in “soil.” The following diphthongs in Spanish count as one syllable (unless you see a tilde written over one of them…more on those later): ia, ai, ei, ue, ie, io, oi, iu, ua, and au.

This means that pue, cie, fei, pia, troi, and so on count as one syllable. To make this simple, most diphthongs are treated as if they were a single vowel, not two different vowels. (we’ll get more on this later)

Puente= puen te, cielo= cie lo, afeitar= a fei tar, farmacia= far ma cia,
ausente=au sen te

THE NATURAL RULE

In Spanish, when the stress of the word is falling where it is naturally supposed to be, there is no need to write a tilde. It’s only when the rules are broken that tildes need to be written. So, here are the rules.

Rule Number One:

The stress in every Spanish word that ends in the following letters falls on the second to the last syllable.

1. Any vowel (or one syllable diphthong)
2. The letters n or s.

SApo, CArro, eSTAba, eSTAban, eleFANte, Mucho, comPRENdo, HAblo, HAblas, HAblan, presiDENte, mexiCAno, intereSANtes.

In these examples the stress always falls on the second to the last syllable. Because the rules are being followed in these examples, you won’t write any tildes.


Rule Number Two:

If the word ends in a consonant other than-n or –s, the stress always falls on the last syllable. In the following example, no tildes are written because everything of this rule.

HablAR, beBER, conduCIR, endenDER, cominiDAD, ciuDAD, relOJ, mantel

Here are the exceptions to the rules:

Every time the pronunciation of a particular word doesn’t not follow Rules 1 or 2, a tilde will be written to show that the rules have been broken and that we need to change how we pronounce the word.

YOU MUST KNOW HOW TO PRONOUNCE THE WORD TO DO THIS CORRECTLY

The Spanish word for number is numero. The word ends in a vowel so it should be pronounced “noo MEH roh,” with the stress falling on the second to the last syllable. However, this isn’t the correct pronunciation. Once you know that is is pronounced “NOO meh roh,” with the stress on ta syllable other thatn the one on which it is supposed to fall. So, to indicate that the rules have been broken, a tilde must be written over the u. Thus, the word is written as número.

Back to the Diphthongs

Not all diphthongs are the same. The reason why is because the “I” and the “u” are considered weak vowels and the “o” “a” and “e” are considered strong. Any combination of vowels that consists of a weak + weak (iu, ui) or a weak + strong (au, ei, and so on) will form a one syllable diphthong.

On the other hand, when both vowels are strong (oa, ea, eo, and so on) the must be dealt with as tw separate syllables: ae= “ah eh” oe = “oh eh” eo= “eh oh” oa = “oh ah”

When we want a diphthong that consists of two weak vowels of of one weak and one strong vowel to form a on syllable diphthong (which is what they naturally do), then we must write a tilde on tone of them to prevent this from happening. Usually it’s the first vowel that gets the tilde.

Examples

1. The last name García = Gahr SEE ah. Without the tilde over the “i” this persons name would have only two syllables: GAHR syah
2. María = Mah REE ah, It would sound like MAH rya without t hey tilde.
3. Cortesía
4. Baúl

Remember that two strong vowels will be separated naturally into two distinct syllable.

Maestro= mah EH stroh, poema= poh EH mah, paella=pah EH yah,

Spanish Terms:

Graves= words that are stressed on the second to last syllable (Perro)
Agudas=words stressed on the last syllable (carton)
Estrújulas= words that are stressed on the third to last syllable (plástico)
Sobresestrújulas= words that are stressed on the first syllable of four syllable words. (cómpamelo)

Finally, a tilde sometimes is written to distinguish between two words, but it doesn’t change the pronunciation:

si, sí, tu, tú, el, él, de, dé, se, sé